There is something rather wonderful about the idea that a simple piece of string, when looped, twisted and woven in the right way, can become something so intricate and meaningful. Chinese knots, known as Zhōngguó jié (中国结), are a beautiful example of this. At first glance, they are decorative objects made from colourful cords, but look a little closer and you'll discover a craft steeped in thousands of years of history, symbolism and tradition.
Book: The Art of Chinese Knotting
From elaborate red hanging ornaments and lucky charms to jewellery, clothing accessories and contemporary home decorations, Chinese knots have evolved considerably over the centuries. Yet many of the original meanings remain remarkably unchanged. They are still associated with good fortune, prosperity, love, longevity and the enduring connections between people.
I've recently been making and collecting Chinese knots, and have become increasingly interested in their history, the different techniques involved and the meanings hidden within their patterns. Here's a closer look at this fascinating traditional art form.
A history that goes back thousands of years
The history of knotting in China is much older than the decorative ornaments we recognise today. Before written language became widespread, knots were used in many early societies as practical tools for securing objects, recording information and communicating. There are historical references to the ancient Chinese practice of tying knots to record events, although the precise details of how this system worked remain uncertain.
Over time, knotting developed from a practical skill into an ornamental craft. Cords were used to fasten clothing, secure belongings and decorate everyday objects. Eventually, the knots themselves became objects of beauty, with increasingly sophisticated patterns and techniques.
Some of the earliest surviving evidence of decorative knotting in China can be traced through artwork and archaeological objects from the Warring States period (475–221 BC), the Han dynasty (206 BC–220 AD) and subsequent centuries. Because textiles and cords are fragile materials, relatively few early examples have survived.
From practical fastening to decorative art
During the Tang (618–907) and Song (960–1279) dynasties, decorative knotting became increasingly popular. Knotted cords and ornamental tassels appeared on clothing, personal accessories and household objects.
By the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1911) dynasties, the craft had become particularly elaborate. Chinese knots were used to decorate everything from clothing and jewellery to fans, purses, hair ornaments, seals, swords and furnishings.
They were no longer simply a way of fastening things together. They were an expression of skill, taste and cultural identity.
During the Qing dynasty, elaborate knotting was especially associated with decorative trimmings and accessories. Intricate cords, tassels and ornamental knots could be found in both everyday and courtly settings. The craft also became a way of expressing personal sentiments, with particular knots representing love, loyalty and good wishes.
It is fascinating to think that many of the patterns we recognise today have their roots in these centuries-old decorative traditions.
What exactly is a Chinese knot?
A traditional Chinese knot is generally made from a single length of cord, carefully looped, woven and tightened to create a symmetrical pattern.
Unlike ordinary knots, which are usually made for practical purposes, decorative Chinese knots are designed to look beautiful from different angles. Many are double-layered, creating a distinctive three-dimensional appearance.
The construction is often deceptively complicated. A design that looks like a series of interlocking loops may actually be made from one continuous piece of cord. Each section has to be carefully positioned and tightened so that the finished knot is balanced and symmetrical.
There are many different traditional knot patterns, each with its own name, construction and symbolism. Some are relatively simple, while others combine several different knots into a much more elaborate design.
One of the most recognisable is the Pan Chang knot, often called the endless knot. Its continuous, interwoven pattern has no obvious beginning or end, making it a particularly powerful symbol of eternity and continuity.
The materials: from silk threads to modern synthetic cords
Traditionally, Chinese decorative knots were made using silk. Silk was prized for its smooth texture, strength, flexibility and beautiful sheen. It also had an important place in Chinese culture, associated with luxury, refinement and craftsmanship.
Silk threads could be dyed in a wide range of colours, making them ideal for creating intricate decorative patterns. The material was also flexible enough to be manipulated into complex loops without losing its shape.
Other natural materials, including cotton, hemp and linen, have also been used in cord and textile crafts. The choice of material depends on the intended use, the size of the knot and the desired finish.
Today, Chinese knots can be made using a much wider variety of materials, including:
- Silk: Traditional, smooth and lustrous, with a beautiful finish.
- Cotton: Soft and tactile, often used for more understated or handmade pieces.
- Rayon: A popular silk-like alternative that offers a similar sheen.
- Nylon and polyester: Durable synthetic fibres available in an enormous range of colours.
- Decorative metallic threads: Sometimes incorporated to add sparkle and a more luxurious appearance.
Modern synthetic cords have made the craft more accessible, allowing makers to experiment with different thicknesses, textures and colours. They are also often more resistant to wear and easier to care for than delicate natural fibres.
The tools and materials may have changed, but the fundamental technique remains much the same: one continuous cord, a carefully followed pattern and a lot of patience.
The symbolism behind Chinese knots
Perhaps the most interesting aspect of Chinese knots is that they are rarely just decorative. Their shapes, colours and arrangements often carry specific meanings.
The Chinese word for knot is jié (结). It appears in many other Chinese words associated with relationships and connections. For example, jiéhūn (结婚) means marriage, while tuánjié (团结) means unity or solidarity.
This linguistic connection helps explain why knots became such powerful symbols of togetherness, relationships and continuity.
Here are some of the most recognisable designs and their traditional associations.
1. The Pan Chang knot – eternity and continuity
The Pan Chang knot is one of the most recognisable Chinese knot designs. Its intricate, continuous pattern has no apparent beginning or end.
It is associated with eternity, longevity, interconnectedness and the idea that life continues in an endless cycle.
It is also one of the Eight Auspicious Symbols of Buddhism, where it represents the Buddha's endless wisdom and compassion. In this context, it is often known as the endless knot.
A lovely symbol of lasting relationships, enduring friendship and the connections that continue through generations.
2. The Double Coin knot – wealth and prosperity
The Double Coin knot is based on the appearance of two ancient Chinese coins, traditionally circular with square openings in their centres.
Coins have long been associated with wealth, abundance and financial prosperity in Chinese culture. The double design reinforces the idea of good fortune and material success.
These knots are often given as gifts to wish someone prosperity, financial security and good luck.
3. The Good Luck knot – happiness and good fortune
Many Chinese knots are designed specifically to represent good luck and happiness. Their intricate patterns are often combined with auspicious decorations, including coins, beads and tassels.
Red is particularly popular because it is traditionally associated with happiness, celebration, vitality and protection from misfortune.
These ornaments are especially popular around Chinese New Year, when they are hung in homes, shops and public spaces to welcome good fortune for the year ahead.
4. The Button knot – protection and practicality
Not all Chinese knots are purely decorative. The traditional button knot, also known as a Chinese frog closure, has a practical purpose.
It is used as a fastening on traditional Chinese garments, including jackets and dresses. The knot forms a loop or button that can be secured through another loop, replacing the need for conventional buttons.
The design is a wonderful example of how traditional craftsmanship can combine beauty and functionality.
5. The Double Happiness symbol – love and marriage
The Double Happiness character, Shuāngxǐ (双喜), is one of the most recognisable symbols in Chinese wedding celebrations.
Although it is a written character rather than a knot pattern in itself, it is frequently incorporated into Chinese decorative arts, including knotwork and embroidered accessories.
It represents shared happiness, marital bliss and a joyful union. Red decorative knots are often used alongside this symbol in wedding decorations and gifts.
Why are Chinese knots traditionally red?
Red is arguably the most recognisable colour associated with Chinese decorative knots.
In Chinese culture, red represents happiness, celebration, good fortune and prosperity. It is traditionally worn and displayed during important occasions such as weddings, birthdays and Lunar New Year celebrations.
Red is also associated with protection against negative influences and misfortune. This is one reason why red decorations are particularly prominent during Chinese New Year.
Gold is another popular colour, often representing wealth, prosperity and abundance. Combining red and gold creates a particularly auspicious colour pairing.
However, traditional Chinese knots are not exclusively red. They can be found in almost every colour imaginable, with different combinations used to create particular moods and visual effects.
Today, makers experiment with bright contemporary colours, pastel shades, metallic threads and contrasting cords, giving the traditional designs a completely new aesthetic.
How Chinese knots have evolved over the years
One of the things I find most interesting about Chinese knots is how the craft has managed to evolve without losing its original identity.
The basic techniques and many of the traditional patterns have remained remarkably consistent, but the ways in which knots are used have changed considerably.
From clothing to home decoration
Historically, knotted cords were frequently incorporated into clothing, belts, closures and personal accessories. They were functional objects that also carried decorative and symbolic meaning.
Today, larger Chinese knots are often displayed as wall decorations, door ornaments and festive decorations, particularly during Chinese New Year.
From traditional silk to colourful synthetic materials
While silk remains an important material, modern makers have embraced synthetic cords and threads. These offer greater durability, affordability and an almost unlimited choice of colours.
This has opened up the craft to a new generation of makers who are experimenting with materials and finishes.
From traditional ornaments to contemporary accessories
Chinese knots are no longer confined to traditional clothing and festive decorations. They can now be found on handbags, keyrings, phone straps, jewellery, bracelets, necklaces and other everyday accessories.
The traditional knot becomes a small design feature that can be worn or carried around, rather than something reserved for a special occasion.
From inherited craft to modern DIY culture
The craft is also being kept alive through workshops, online tutorials, craft books and social media. People can learn traditional knotting techniques and experiment with their own combinations of colours and patterns.
There is something particularly appealing about a craft that can be learnt with relatively simple materials and a little patience. A length of cord, a pattern and some time are all you need to get started.
Why Chinese knots still matter today
It would be easy to look at Chinese knots simply as pretty decorative objects, but their longevity comes from something more meaningful.
They are small expressions of wishes and sentiments that are relevant in every generation. We still want good health, happiness, prosperity, love and lasting friendships. We still give gifts to celebrate important occasions and to let people know we are thinking of them.
The symbolism has survived because these ideas are universal, even as the objects themselves have changed.
A traditional silk knot might once have decorated a garment or a palace accessory. Today, a brightly coloured synthetic cord might be attached to a handbag or phone. The materials and context are different, but the wish for good fortune and connection remains.
I particularly like the idea that something so small can carry such a long history. It is a reminder that traditional crafts don't necessarily need to remain frozen in time to be preserved. They can evolve, adapt and find new audiences while retaining the techniques and meanings that made them special in the first place.
A little bit of Chinese knot craft at Goodordering
I've always been interested in objects that combine design, colour, craftsmanship and a little bit of history. Chinese knots tick all of those boxes.
I love the intricate patterns, the clever construction and the fact that every knot has a story or a meaning behind it. They are also lovely examples of how traditional decorative techniques can be incorporated into contemporary everyday objects.
We've added a selection of Chinese knots to the Goodordering website. They make lovely little decorative pieces, gifts or accessories, and are a colourful way to bring a traditional craft into modern life.
Whether you're drawn to their intricate patterns, their bright colours or their symbolism, there's something rather special about carrying a little piece of this history with you.
After all, who couldn't do with a little extra good fortune?
